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The National Academy of Sciences was signed into being by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, at the height of the Civil War. The Academy is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research that is dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. The National Academy of Sciences is governed by a council comprised of 12 members and five officers elected from among its membership. The council is responsible to the membership for the activities undertaken by the organization and for the corporate management of the National Academy of Sciences. The Academy membership is comprised of approximately 2,000 members and nearly 350 foreign associates, of whom more than 190 have won Nobel Prizes.

Northrop Grumman Corporation is a worldwide defense company. The company provides an array of products, services and solutions for the systems integration, defense electronics, information technology, advanced aircraft, shipbuilding and space technology markets. Its Newport News sector designs, builds and refuels nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and submarines. The company also performs services for a variety of naval and commercial vessels. The company operates in more than 25 countries throughout the world. It employs a staff of more than 125,000 employees in nearly 10 business divisions. Ronald D. Sugar has been the chief executive officer of Northrop Grumman for more than three years. He has been with the aerospace and defense systems company for over six years. Sugar earned bachelor's and doctorate degrees at the University of California-Los Angeles. Northrop Grumman Corporation primarily serves the international military, government and commercial industries. Northrop Grumman Corporation is headquartered in Los Angeles.

Lockheed Martin Corporation, an advanced technology company, was formed in March 1995 with the merger of two of the world's premier technology companies, Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta Corporation. Headquartered in Bethesda, Md., Lockheed Martin employs nearly 130,000 people throughout the world and is engaged in the research, design, development, manufacturing and integration of advanced technology systems, products and services. As a lead systems integrator and information technology company, nearly 80 percent of Lockheed Martin's business is with the United States Department of Defense and the U.S. Federal Government Agencies. In fact, the company is one of the largest providers of information technology services, systems integration and training to the U.S. government. The remaining portion of Lockheed Martin's business is comprised of international government and some commercial sales of products, services and platforms. Robert J. Stevens has been the chief executive officer of Lockheed Martin for more than two years. He has been with the aerospace and defense company for over six years. Stevens earned a BS degree from Slippery Rock University, and a MS degree from Columbia University. Lockheed Martin maintains nearly 950 facilities in more than 450 cities, including a location in Bethesda.